مقایسۀ ویژگی‌های ساختاری توده‌های شاخه‌زاد و دانه‌زاد راش شرقی (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) در جنگل‌های هیرکانی (مطالعۀ موردی: جنگل‌های منطقۀ کجور نوشهر)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد علوم زیستی جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج.

2 دانش آموخته دکتری علوم جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج.

3 دانشیار، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج.

4 استاد بازنشسته، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج.

10.22034/ijf.2022.343424.1870

چکیده

در شرایط خاص طبیعی اقلیمی و رویشگاهی و غیرطبیعی ناشی از تخریب انسان راش می‌تواند جست تولید کند و فرم شاخه‌زاد را پدید آورد. این پژوهش به مقایسۀ ویژگی‌های ساختاری توده‌های شاخه‌زاد و دانه‌زاد راش جنگل‌های هیرکانی در منطقۀ چتن شهرستان نوشهر می‌پردازد. برای تعیین موجودی، قطر برابرسینۀ همۀ درختان با آماربرداری صددرصد اندازه‌گیری شد. برای بررسی ساختار مکانی در دو تودۀ قطعه ‌نمونه‌های 5/0 هکتاری با روش فاصله- آزیموت استقرار یافتند و همۀ فاکتورهای مربوط برداشت شدند. موجودی خشک‌دارهای سرپا و افتاده در دو توده نیز اندازه‌گیری شد. براساس نتایج در تودۀ شاخه‌زاد تعداد در هکتار درختان زنده و خشک راش به‌ترتیب 174 و 7/9 اصله در هکتار و حجم آنها به‌ترتیب 2/146 و 6/3 مترمکعب در هکتار بود. در تودۀ دانه‌زاد تعداد پایه‌های زنده و خشک راش 145 و 11 اصله در هکتار را شامل می‌شد که حجم آنها به‌ترتیب 5/147 و 1/12 متر مکعب بود. 55 درصد از خشک‌دارهای سرپا در تودۀ شاخه‌زاد و 35 درصد از خشک‌دارهای سرپا و 42 درصد افتاده در تودۀ دانه‌زاد در درجۀ یک پوسیدگی قرار داشتند. تعداد جست در جست‌گروه راش چهار پایه است که سهم این جست‌گروه‌ها 17 درصد فراوانی کل جست‌گروه‌ها بود. جست‌گروه‌های شامل پنج جست و دو جست نیز 9/16 و 5/16 درصد فراوانی را شامل می‌شدند. شاخص‌های ساختار مکانی راش در تودۀ شاخه‌زاد شامل تفکیک پیلو، تجمعی کلارک- ایوانز، شاخص آمیختگی، اختلاف قطر، ابعاد قطر و زاویۀ یکنواخت، به‌ترتیب نشان‌دهندۀ پیوستگی گونه‌ای، کپه‌ای، غالبیت شدید راش، اختلاف متوسط، کوچک بودن غالبیت ابعاد و توزیع کپه‌ای بود. در این پژوهش، استفاده‌های سنتی از جنگل بر ویژگی‌های ساختاری رویشگاه‌های راش اثرگذار بوده است. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود که این توده‌ها و دیگر توده‌های مشابه به‌منزلۀ ذخیره‌گاه جنگلی حفاظت شوند تا سوق یافتن این توده‌ها به‌سوی حالت مطلوب‌تر و پایداری سیمای سرزمین در این مناطق تضمین شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of the structural characteristics of coppice and standard stands of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Hyrcanian forests (Case study: forests of Kojoor, Nowshahr)

نویسندگان [English]

  • M Esmaeili 1
  • M Javanmiri Pour 2
  • V Etemad 3
  • M Namiranian 4
1 M.Sc. of Forest Biological Sciences, Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I. R. Iran.
2 Ph.D. Forest Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj., I. R. Iran.
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I. R. Iran.
4 Retired Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I. R. Iran.
چکیده [English]

The beech tree has the ability to produce shoots and form a coppice stands under specific natural climatic and environmental conditions or under unusual circumstances caused by human interference. The current research aims to compare the structural characteristics of coppice and standard stands of beech in the Hyrcanian forests in the Chetan area in Nowshahr. The diameter at breast height of all trees was measured using the full calipering method to determine the stocking volume. Half-hectare sample plots were established using the distance-azimuth method to study the spatial structure. The standing and log stocking volumes were also determined. According to the results, the number of live and dead trees in the coppice stand was 174 and 9.7 per hectare, respectively, and their volume was 146.2 and 3.6 m³/ha, respectively. In the standard stand, the number of live and dead beech individuals was 145 and 11 per hectare, respectively, while their volume was 147.5 and 12.1 m³/ha, respectively. About 55% of the standing dead trees in the coppice stand and 35% of the standing dead trees and 42% of the fallen dead trees in the standard stand were primarily in the first decay degree. The highest number of individuals in a beech coppice group included four, which is 17%. Groups of five individuals and two individuals also accounted for 16.9% and 16.5%, respectively. Spatial structure indices of beech coppice, including the Pielou segregation, Clark and Evans, Mingling, DBH differentiation, DBH dominance, and uniform angle, indicate species continuity, clustering, severe dominance of beech species, moderate differences, small size dominance, and clump distribution, respectively. Traditional uses of forests have influenced the structural characteristics of beech stands. Therefore, it is suggested that these and other similar stands be protected as a forest reserve to ensure the development of these habitats towards a more favorable state and the stability of the landscape in these areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chetan
  • density
  • dead tree
  • Beech
  • spatial structure
  • stock

مراجع

Aghabarati, A., Marvie Mohajer, M.R., Etemad, V., & Sefidi, K. (2018). Structural characteristics of coppice forest stand in Fandoghloo Forest, Ardebil Province Province. Journal Forest Research & Development, 4 (2), 223-239.
Aguirre, O., Hui, G., Gadow, K.V., & Jimenez, J. (2003). An analysis of forest structure using neighborhoodbased variables. Forest Ecology and Management, 183, 137-145.
Ali, A. (2019). Forest stand structure and functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges.
Alijani, V., Feghhi, J., Zobeiri, M., & Marvi Mohajer, M. (2012). Quantification of spatial structure of forests in the middle of northern Iran (Case study: Boar section of Khairud forest). Natural Environment (Iranian Natural Resources), 65 (1), 111-125.
Amirghasemi, F., Sagheb Talebi, Kh., & Dargahi, D. (2001). Investigating the natural regeneration structure of Arsbaran forests in the study basin of Sten Chai. Iranian Forest and Poplar Research, 6, 1-61.
Aticie, E., Colak, A.H., & Rotherham, I.D. (2008). Coarse Dead Wood Volume of Managed Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Stands in Turkey. Investigación Agraria: Sistemasy Recursos Forestales, 17 (3), 216-227.
Avatefi Hemmat, M., & Shamekhi, T. (2006). Traditional knowledge and technologies of forest dwellers in using some non-wood products in the forest (Case study of Chatan village). Social Science Quarterly, 35-34, 149-174.
Coppini, M., & Hermanin, L. (2007). Restoration of selective beech coppices: A case study in the Apennines (Italy). Forest Ecology and Management, 249, 18–27.
Danilovic, M., Krstic, M., Pantic, D., & Matovic, B. (2003). Assortment structure in beech coppice stands in the Crni vrh region. Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta, 103-111.
Delfan Abazari, B., Sagheb Talebi, Kh., & Namiranian, M. (2004). Investigation of the evolutionary stages of natural beech in the control plot of Kelardasht region (Langa). Iranian Forest and Poplar Research, 12 (3), 325-307.
Emborg, J., Christensen, M., & Heilmann- Clausen, J. (2000). The structure dynamics of Susurrup Skov, a near natural temperate deciduous forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management, 126, 173-189.
Esteghamat, M. (2003). The effect stands structure on the regeneration in the natural and managed stands (shelter wood system) in the Ziarat forest (Gorgan). The M.sc thesis of Natural Forestry. Gorgan University of agriculture science and natural resources. 110 p.
Hosseinzadeh, J., Namiranian, M., Marvi Mohajer, M.R., & Zahedi Amiri, Gh. (2004). Investigation of the structure of less destroyed forests in Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 75(1), 75-90.
Javanmiri Pour, M., & Etemad, V. (2022). Development of the dead trees structural legacy in the dynamics process of pure beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheyrud forest). Iranian Journal of Forest Ecology, 10(20), 73-87.
Javanmiri Pour, M., Marvi Mohadjer, M.R, Etemad, V., & Jourgholam, M. (2017). Effect of management intervention on structure of natural stands (Case Study: Gorazbon District of Kheyrud Forest). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 2, 209-2019.
Javanmiri Pour, M., Marvi Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V., & Jourgholami,  M. (2016). Quantitative changes of forest stand structure through full calipering method. Iranian Journal of Forest, 8 (4), 493-505.
Khoshnevis, M., Teimouri, M., Sadegzadeh Hallaj, M., Matinizadeh, M., & Shirvany, A. (2019). The effect of vegetative form and shading on planting success of Greek Juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. B.). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 27(2), 125-134.
Kint, V., Lust, N., Ferris, R., & Olsthoorn, A.F.M. (2000). Quantification of forest stand structure applied to Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Forests. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 1, 147-163.
König, L., Mohren, F., Schelhaas, M., Bugmannc, H., & Nabuursa, G. (2022). Tree regeneration in models of forest dynamics – Suitability to assess climate change impacts on European forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 520, 120390.
Korpel, S. (1995). Die Urwalder der westkarpaton. Gustav Fisher, Stuttgart, 310p.
Leibundgut, H. (1983). Über Zweck und Methodik der Struktur- und Zuwachsanalyse von Urwäldern. Schweizerische Zeitsschrift für Forstwesen, 110, 111–124.
Manabe, K., Matsui, T., Yamaya, M., Sato-Nakagawa, T., Okamura, N., Arai, H., & Sasaki, H. (2000). Sleep patterns and mortality among elderly patients in a geriatric hospital. Gerontology, 46(6), 318-22.
Mariotti, B., Alberti, G., Maltoni, A., Tani, A., & Piussi, P. (2017). Beech coppice conversion to high forest: results from a 31-year experiment in Eastern Pre-Alps. Annals of Forest Science, 74, 44.
Marvi Mohadjer, M.R. (2013). Silviculture. University of Tehran Press. 419 p.
Mataji, A., & Nemiranian, M. (2007). Investigation of the structure and development of natural stands in northern Iran (Case study: Khairudkenar, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 55(4), 251-260.
Mehdiani, A.R., Heidari, R., Rahmani, R., & Azadfar, D. (2012). Investigation of oak structure (Quercus macranthera) in forest stands of Golestan province. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 19(2), 23-42.
Moradi, Gh. (2022). A study of the richness of woody plants in the forests of northern Iran and temperate broadleaf forests of Central Europe. Man and the Environment, 19(2), 75-90.
Moridi, M., Fallah, A., Pourmajidian, M., & Sefidi, K. (2021). Quantitative Analysis of Forest Structure at Growing Up Volume Stage in the Evaluation of Natural Beech Stands (Case Study: Kheyroud Forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 13(2), 115-128.
Namiranian, N. (2010). Tree measurement and forest biometrics. University of Tehran Press. Second edition. 594 p.
Nocentini, S. (2008). Structure and management of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Italy. iForest Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2, 105-113.
Nouri, Z., Zobeiri, M., Feghhi, J., & Marvi Mohajer, M.R. (2015). Application of nearest neighbor indices in studying the structure of intact beech stands in Khiroud forest of Nowshahr. Applied ecology, 4(12), 11-20.
Pielou, E.C. (1977).  Mathematical ecology. Wiley, New York.
Pilehvar, B., Mirazadi, Z., Alijani, V., & jafari sarabi, H. (2015). Investigation of Hawthorn and Maple's Stands Structures of Zagros Forest Using Nearest Neighbors Indices. Journal of Forest Ecosystems Researches, 1(2), 1-14.
Pirozi, F., Soosani, J., Adeli, K., Maleknia, R., Naghavi, H., & Hosseinzadeh, R. (2018). The comparison of forest structure in Oak stands with different density and mixture (Case study: Noyjian forests of Khorramabad). Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(1), 15-28.
Pommerening, A. (2002). Evaluating structural indices by reversing forest structural analysis. Forest Ecolgy and Management, 224, 266-277.
Pourhashemi, M. (2019). Breeding operations, a way to improve the structure of small-diameter coppice oak stands in the Zagros forests. Iran Nature, 4(4), 13-17.
Pourhashemi, M., & Alimahmoodi Sarab, S. (2021). Effect of protection on structural characteristics of forest stands (Case study: Izeh forests, Khuzestan). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 29(4), 339-348.
Pourhashemi, M., Zandbasiri, M., & Panahi, P. (2014). Structural characteristics of oak coppice stands of Marivan Forests. The Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 27(5), 766-776.
Sagheb Talebi, Kh., Sajedi, T., & Pourhashemi, M. (2014). Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future. Springer, Dordrecht.        
Sefidi, K., & Sadeghi, S. (2021). Anthropogenic disturbance impacts on spatial pattern of Caucasian oak (Quercus macranthera) stands in the Hatam Mashe Si forests, Arasbaran. Iranian Journal of Forest, 13(2), 155-168.
Sefidi, K., Marvi Mohajer, M.R., Etemad, V., & Mozandel, R. (2014). Dynamics of the final stage of sequencing in mixed beech forests in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon section of Khirud forest in Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22(2), 270-283.
Shabani, S., varamesh, S., Sefidi, K., & Haghighi, A. (2022). Studying the plants species diversity under microtopography in mixed beech forests, case study: Deldareh forests, Nowshahr. Iranian Journal of Forest, 14 (1), 1-13. 
Sjolund, M.J., & Jump, A. (2015). Coppice management of forests affects spatial genetic structure but not genetic diversity in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Forest Ecology and Management, 336, 65-71.
Šrámek, M., Volařík, D., Ertas, A., & Matula, R. (2015).The effect of coppice management on the structure, tree growth and soil nutrients in temperate Turkey. Journal of forest science, 61(1), 27–34.
Travaglini, D., & Chirici, G. (2006). Deadwood assessment. ForestBIOTA project Forest Biodiversity Test-phase Assessments. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali, 20 pp.
Zobeiri, M. (2003). Forest inventory (measurement of trees and forests), University of Tehran Press, third edition, 401 p.
مجله جنگل ایران
دوره 15، شماره 3
آذر 1402
صفحه 259-276

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 08 خرداد 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 17 تیر 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 10 مرداد 1401

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار