اثر برخی عوامل انسان‌ساز ایجادکنندۀ تنش بر ساختار جنگل‌های بلوط زاگرس مرکزی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد جنگلداری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد

2 دانشیار گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد

3 دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد

10.22034/ijf.2023.360913.1890

چکیده

مقدمه: جنگل‌های بلوط زاگرس به‌طور مستم در معرض تنش‌های انسان‌ساز قرار دارند، چنانکه نه‌تنها وسعت آنها در حال کاهش است، بلکه ساختار کیفی توده‌ها نیز کاهش می‌یابد. مدل‌ها براساس اطلاعات میدانی می‌توانند تغییر شاخص‌های ساختار جنگل بر اثر عوامل تنش‌زا را قبل از کاهش وسعت جنگل پیش‌بینی کنند. این تحقیق به اثر برخی از عوامل اصلی تنش‌زای انسانی بر شاخص‌های اصلی جنگل‌های زاگرس مرکزی می‌پردازد.
مواد و روش‌ها: شاخص‌های ساختاری توده‌های جنگلی تحت پنج کاربری ارضی در ۷۸ قطعه نمونه و ۱۱ تودۀ جنگلی در گستره‌ای به وسعت حدود ۲۴ هزار هکتار از دهستان مشایخ در زاگرس مرکزی توسط پیمایش زمینی اندازه‌گیری شدند. اندازه‌گیری در هر توده، بسته به مساحت در شش تا نه قطعه نمونۀ یک هکتاری به‌صورت سیستماتیک تصادفی با فاصلۀ یکسان انجام گرفت. همچنین از ریز‌قطعات نمونۀ یک متر مربعی برای نمونه‌برداری از پوشش غیر‌درختی استفاده شد. آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه برای تعیین شاخص‌های تفکیک‌کننده و مدل خطی عمومی برای تحلیل اثر تنش‌های انسان‌ساز بر جنگل به‌کار گرفته شد.
نتایج: به‌جز شاخص تراکم درختان بلوط، بقیۀ مشخصه‌های ساختاری در بین توده‌ها متفاوت بودند. این تحقیق نتوانست تفاوتی در درصد پوشش، تعداد اشکوب و تعداد گونه‌های درختی و غیردرختی در بین سطوح تنش (حفاظت و تخریب) بیابد. با افزایش سطح زراعت زیراشکوب و با نزدیک شدن به روستا از متوسط تعداد جست در هر جست‌گروه کاسته و بر قطر متوسط درختان افزوده شد که نشانۀ حذف درختان جوان توسط زارعان بود. سطوح متفاوت چرا و نزدیکی به جاده، تفاوتی در شاخص‌های ساختاری جنگل ایجاد نکرد. اعمال برنامه‌های حفاظتی در دو تودۀ جنگلی کاوند و دوتو، تنها سبب افزایش متوسط ارتفاع درختان شد و بهبود ساختاری دیگری به وجود نیاورد.
نتیجه‌گیری: اثر تنش‌های انسان‌ساز بر ساختار جنگل‌های شاخه‌زاد قبل از آنکه سبب کاهش وسعت یا تراکم درختان شود، در قطر درختان و تعداد جست در هر جست گروه نمود می‌یابد. همچنین حفاظت توده‌های جنگلی به‌مدت دو دهه به افزایش متوسط ارتفاع درختان می‌انجامد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of some anthropogenic disturbances on the structure of oak forests in the Central Zagros

نویسندگان [English]

  • I Zafarian Rigaki 1
  • A Soltani 2
  • A Jafari 3
1 MSc. Forestry graduate, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, I. R. Iran
2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Forest Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, I. R. Iran
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, I. R. Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Oak forests in the Zagros region are under continuous anthropogenic disturbances, leading to a decline in their extent and deterioration in the qualitative structure of the stands. Field-based models can predict shifts in forest structure indices due to disturbance long before forest cover is depleted. This study examines the effects of anthropogenic land uses on key structure indices of oak forests in the Central Zagros.
Materials and Methods: Forest stand structure indices in five land uses were measured by field survey on 78 sample plots in 11 forests over an area of about 24,000 ha in the rural area of Mashayekh, Central Zagros. Depending on the area, six to nine systematically randomly designated one-hectare plots were measured at the same distance in each forest. In addition, one-meter square plots were sampled for non-tree cover. One-way ANOVA and General Linear Models were used to determine discriminant indices and analyze the effects of anthropogenic disturbance, respectively.
Results: Except for oak density, structural indices differed significantly among the studied stands. This study did not find any differences in cover, number of trees, and non-tree species under different levels of disturbance (protection and destruction). The average number of shoots per stool decreased with increasing understory cultivation and proximity to villages, while the average diameter of shoots increased, indicating that farmers were removing young trees and shoots. Different levels of grazing and distance from the road had no effect on the structural index of the forest. The implementation of the conservation program in two forests in Kavand and Doto led only to an increase in the average height of trees and not to any other structural improvement.
Conclusion: Long before causing a reduction in forest area or a decrease in tree density, the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the structure of coppiced woodlands were manifested in the diameter of trees and the number of shoots-per-stool. In addition, the decadal protection of the forest stands led to an increase in the average height of the trees. This suggests that the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on forest structure precedes the depletion of forest cover. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these early indicators in forest management plans.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • grazing
  • understory cultivation
  • village proximity
  • road proximity
  • number of shoots-per-stool
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